Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology

Phonology

Florian A. J. Lionnet
Larry M. Hyman
2018

In this extensive article we survey the major recurrent and interesting phonological properties of African languages.

Common Bantoid verb extensions

Larry M. Hyman
2018

In this paper I survey verb extensions within different Bantoid languages and subgroups, comparing them to Cameroonian Bantu zone A. Extending my survey of Niger-Congo extensions (Hyman 2007), I show that there is a band of contiguous languages in the Grassfields area where a number of contrastive verb extensions have relative productivity (cf. the studies in Idiata & Mba 2003). Interestingly, the languages in question belong to several subgroups: Limbum (NE Eastern Grassfields Bantu), Noni (Beboid), Kom and Babanki (Ring Western Grassfields Bantu), Bafut and Mankon (Ngemba...

More reflections on the nasal classes in Bantu

Larry M. Hyman
2019

Although long considered to be a Bantu innovation, Miehe (1991) proposed that the nasal consonants present in Bantu noun classes 1, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 10 should be reconstructed in pre-Proto-Bantu, even possibly at the Proto-Niger-Congo stage. Since there has been no comprehensive response to Miehe, the two of us organized a workshop to look at the question in more detail. In this paper I update the problem from Hyman (1980b) and Miehe (1991), expanding the coverage and considering various scenarios that could have led to innovation (or loss). While there have been three hypothetical...

Lusoga noun phrase tonology

Larry M. Hyman
2019

In this paper I present a detailed analysis of the tonology of nouns and their dependents within the noun phrase in Lusoga, a Bantu language of Uganda. After considering different alternatives, I argue that Lusoga is best analyzed with an underlying privative /L/ which derives from an earlier *H, realized directly in Luganda, the closest related language to Lusoga. To establish the basic system I start with infinitives (which are nouns), then analyze the different tone patterns on nouns of different sizes and shapes, with and without an augment, simple and reduplicated. I then turn...

Number and animacy in the Teke noun class system.

Larry M. Hyman
Florian A. J. Lionnet
Christophère Ngolele
2019

In this paper, we trace the development of Proto-Bantu noun classes into Teke (Bantu B71, Ewo dialect), showing that formal reflexes of classes 1, 2, 5–9, and 14 are detectable. We further show that animacy, abstractness, and number allow us to determine the fate of classes 3, 4, 10, 11 and identify the following singular/plural genders: 1/2 (animate <PB 1/2, some 9/10), 1/8 (inanimate, <PB 3/4), 14/8 (abstract, <PB 14/8), 5/6 (<PB 5/6), 5/9 (<PB 11/10, with 10>9 merger), 7/8 (<PB 7/8), and 9/6 (<PB 9/6). Such reassignments provide a window into probing...

Synchronic vs. diachronic naturalness: Hyman & Schuh (1974) revisited.

Larry M. Hyman
2019

In this paper I review and update the proposals in Hyman & Schuh (1974) distinguishing synchronic and diachronic naturalness in tone rules and tone changes.

The segmental and tonal structure of verb inflection in Babanki

Pius Akumbu
Larry M. Hyman
Roland Kiessling
2020

In this study we provide a comprehensive phonological and morphological analysis of the complex tense-aspect-mood (TAM) system of Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon. Our emphasis is on the competing inflectional tonal melodies that are assigned to the verb stem. These melodies are determined not only by the multiple past and future tenses, perfective vs. progressive aspect, and indicative vs. imperative, subjunctive, and conditional moods, but also affirmative vs. negative and “conjoint” (CJ) vs. “disjoint” (DJ) verbal marking, which we show to be more thorough going...

Lung’Ie Word Prosody: One system or two?

Ana Lívia Agostinho
Larry M. Hyman
2021

Creole languages have generally not figured prominently in cross-linguistic studies of word-prosodic typology. In this paper, we present a phonological analysis of the prosodic system of Lung’Ie or Principense (ISO 639-3 code: pre), a Portuguese-lexifier creole language spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe. Lung’Ie has produced a unique result of the contact between the two different prosodic systems common in creolization: a stress-accent lexifier and tone language substrates. The language has a restrictive privative H/Ø tone system, in which the /H/ is culminative, but non-obligatory....

Phonological typology

Larry M. Hyman
Frans Plank
2018

Despite earlier work by Trubetzkoy, Jakobson and Greenberg, phonological typology is often underrepresented in typology textbooks. At the same time, most phonologists do not see a difference between phonological typology and cross-linguistic (formal) phonology. The purpose of this book is to bring together leading scholars to address the issue of phonological typology, both in terms of the unity and the diversity of phonological systems.

The conjoint/disjoint alternation in Bantu

Jenneke van der Wal
Larry M. Hyman
2017

This volume brings together descriptions and analyses of the conjoint/disjoint alternation, a typologically significant phenomenon found in many Bantu languages. The chapters provide in-depth documentation, comparative studies and theoretical analyses of the alternation from a range of Bantu languages, showing its crosslinguistic variation in constituent structure, morphology, prosody and information structure.